Proof that the name ADAM is of Greek origin.

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ADAM = ΑΔΑΜ is a Greek name.

The context is God speaking to Enoch;

On the sixth day I ordered My Wisdom to make man of seven substances.... And there was no one like him upon the earth of all My creations. And I gave him a name (ΑΔΑΜ) from the four substances: Ἀνατολὴ (the substance found in the East), Δύσις (the substance found in the West), Ἄρκτος (the substance found in the North), and Μεσημβρία (the substance found in the South). And I apppinted for him four special stars, and I gave him the name ADAM. From The book of the secrets of Enoch (1896) p. 41, translated by William Morfill.

Another translation of the passage is:

On the sixth day I commanded my wisdom to create man from seven consistencies:... And there was none like him of earth of all my existing creatures. And I appointed him a name (ΑΔΑΜ), from the four component parts, from Ἀνατολὴ (east), from Δύσις (west), from Ἄρκτος (north), from Μεσημβρία (south), and I appointed for him four special stars, and I called his name ADAM. From The apocrypha and pseudepigrapha of the old Testament in English, Vol 2 (1913) p 123-54, translated by Robert Charles & Nevill Forbes.

The four substances mentioned are from the four corners of the Earth. Since Man was literally composed of earth/material from the four corners, God gave Man the name ADAM (which is composed of the first letter of each of the Greek names of these corners) to symbolically represent this.

Internal evidence, such as the above, shows that the two existing Slavonic manuscripts of The book of the secrets of Enoch are translations from a Greek original. This book is one of the hundreds of apocryphal books associated with the Old Testament of the Bible. Like the Old Testament itself, the apocryphal books were originally written in Greek.

Consider this quote of Saint Augustine;

"And what man knoweth not that from Adam are sprung all nations, and that in the four letters of his name, the four quarters of the world, as they are expressed in Greek, are indicated? For if the words East, West, North, South, as Holy Scripture mentions them in very many places, are expressed in Greek, the first letters, thou wilt find, make Adam. For the Greek names of the four aforementioned parts of the world are Anatole, Dysis, Arktos, Mesembria. If these four names are written, like four verses, one under the other, the capital letters form the word ADAM." Homilies on the Gospel according to St. John and his first Epistle, Vol. 1 (1848) p. 148, publisher John Henry Parker.

Following Saint Augustine, we have the following:

A = Α = Ἀνατολὴ = Anatola = East
D = Δ = Δύσις = Dusis = West
A = Α = Ἄρκτος = Arctos = North
M = Μ = Μεσημβρία = Mesembria = South

Since the acronym ΑΔΑΜ only makes sense in the Greek language, this proves that Adam was originally a Greek name.

ἀνατολή : Literally, a rising (of the sun and stars). Denotes the East.
δύσις : Literally, a sinking (of the sun and stars). Denotes the West.
ἄρκτος : Literally, a bear. Denotes the North.
μεσημβρία : Literally, midday. Denotes the South (from the position of the sun at midday).

Here are some further quotes on the subject:

"He is the God who formed Adam, name of four letters, who was first created, and took the full meaning of his name from East and West and South and North; and He established the form and shape of mortals, and made the beasts, birds and creeping things." Sibylline Oracles, Books III-V (1918) p. 46, translated from the Greek by Herbert Bates.

The Sibylline Oracles are a collection of sayings of the ancient Greek prophets called Sibyls (σίβυλλα). Heraclitus, writing in the 5th century B.C., claims that the Sibyls had prophesied since many centuries before his time. In his book, On the Universe, he says "The Sibyl with divinely-inspired mouth uttering her unlaughing, unadorned, unincensed words reaches out over a thousand years with her voice of God."

The original Greek text suggests that one should not translate the word, τετραγράμματον, which gives:

He is the God who formed tetragrammaton Adam who was first created, and took the full meaning of his name from East and West and South and North; and He established the form and shape of mortals, and made the beasts, birds and creeping things.

It is interesting that when God formed Adam he apparently did not establish the form and shape of mortals.

Here is another quote from Saint Augustine;

"He gathereth all His elect from the four winds therefore from the whole world. For Adam himself (this I had said before) signifieth in Greek the whole world; for there are four letters, A, D, A, and M. But as the Greeks speak, the four quarters of the world have these initial letters, Ἀνατολὴ, they call the East; Δύσις, the West; Ἄρκτος, the North; Μεσημβρία, the South: thou hast the word Adam." Expositions on the book of Psalms, Vol. 4 (1850) p. 411. Publisher, John Henry Parker.

"According to the most authoritative Mussulman (Islamic) traditions,... The four archangels Gabriel, Michael, Israfiel, and Asrael were required to bring earth from the four quarters of the world, that therefrom God might fashion man." Legends of the Patriarchs and Prophets (1883) p. 21, by Sabine Baring-Gould.

"If the first man were called in Sanskrit Adima (which is true), and in Hebrew Adam, and if the two were really the same word, then Hebrew and Sanskrit could not be members of two different families of speech, or we should be driven to admit that Adam was borrowed by the Jews from the Hindus, for it is in Sanskrit only that Adima means the first, whereas in Hebrew it has no such meaning." Introduction to the science of religion (1873) p. 302, by Friedrich Max Müller.

The Hindu sacred books have some interesting things to say about Adam and Eve;

"We are told, that Swayambhuva or the first Menu (man) had for his consort Satarupa; that this primeval pair bore also the names of Adima and Iva, pronounced Adim and Eve; that Adim was the first of men, as Eve was the first of women; and that these two were the common parents of all mankind. We are further told, that Satarupa was likewise the wife of Menu-Satyavrata, who escaped with seven companions in an ark when the whole world perished by water..." The origin of pagan idolatry, Vol III (1816) p. 56, by George Stanley Faber.

An interesting account of the making of the first man is found in Hawaiian mythology:

"Last of all they created man on the model or in the likeness of Kane. The body of the first man was made of red earth and the spittle of the gods and his head was made of a whitish clay which was brought from the four ends of the world by Lono. When the earth-image of Kane was ready, the three gods breathed into its nose and called on it to rise, and it became a living being. Afterwards the first woman was created from one of the ribs of the man while asleep, and these two were the progenitors of all mankind." An account of the Polynesian race, Vol 1 (1878) p. 62, by Abraham Fornander.

"The head of the first kanaka (man) was created from a whitish clay (palolo), which was brought by Lono from the four ends of the world—from "Kai Koolau, Kai Kona, Kahiki-ku, Kahiki-moe"—north, south, east, west. The clay from the north and east forming the right side, and the clay from the south and west forming the left.... At the creation of man, Kane was the model after which he was made; Ku was the workman who made him, and Lono assisted generally. When the clay-image of Kane was made, they three breathed into its nose, and that breath was called "he maule o Lono." The gods then called on him to rise and become a living being,... The image then rose and knealt before the gods and they called his name Honua-ula (Red Earth)—his body was made of red earth (lepo ula) and spittle (wai-nao), and his head was made of the clay (palolo) brought from the four ends of the earth. Another name for him was Ke Lii-Ku-Honua. After creation this man Honuaula, was given a place to live in, called in olden time Kalana i Hauola, in later times it was called Pali-uli." Fornander collection of Hawaiian antiquities and folk-lore, Vol III (1919) p. 267, by Abraham Fornander & Thomas Thrum.

The legends tell us that after the land had been separated from the sea, and squeezed dry by Kane, the gods fashioned man "out of red earth in the earth image of Kane." After the body was formed Lono went to the four ends of the world and brought back "palolo," or "white earth," from which the head was made. Then the gods breathed into the image and gave it life. When this man, the first created, slept the gods took from his side a bone, "lalopuhaka" and from it created a woman. There are many names for these parents of men, but the most frequently used in the legends are Kumu-Honua "The First Created," (literally: "earth beginning") the name of man, and Ke-Ola-Ku-Honua, "The Life of the first created," the name of the woman. Around the poi bowl and Legend of Paao (1913) p. 74, by William Drake Westervelt.

"Some say that God used two kinds of dust for Adam’s creation: one gathered from Mount Moriah; the other a mixture culled at the world's four corners and moistened with water drawn from every river and sea in existence." The Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis (2004) p. 60, by Robert Graves & Raphael Patai.

"The four most exalted angels, Gabriel, Michael, Israfil, and Israel, were commanded to bring from the four corners of the earth the dust out of which Allah formed the body of Adam, all save the head and heart. For these He employed exclusively the sacred earth of Mecca and Medina from the very spots on which in later times the holy Kaaba and the sepulchre of Mohamed were erected." The Bible, the Koran, and the Talmud; or, Biblical legends of the Mussulmans (1846) p. 1, by Gustav Weil.

"God said to Gabriel: 'Go and fetch Me dust from the four corners of the earth, and I will create man therewith.' Gabriel went forth to do the bidding of the Lord, but the earth drove him away, and refused to let him gather up dust from it. Gabriel remonstrated: 'Why, O Earth, dost thou not hearken unto the voice of the Lord, who founded thee upon the waters without props or pillars?' The earth replied, and said: 'I am destined to become a curse, and to be cursed through man, and if God Himself does not take the dust from me, no one else shall ever do it.' When God heard this, He stretched out His hand, took of the dust of the ground, and created the first man therewith. Of set purpose the dust was taken from all four corners of the earth,.... the dust was of various colors, red, black, white, and green." The legends of the Jews, Vol 1 (1909) p. 54, by Louis Ginzberg.

"The Lord God created Adam with two inclinations. And he took dust from the site of the sanctuary and from the four winds of the world, and a mixture of all the waters of the world and created him red, black and white. And he breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the breath became in the body of Adam a spirit capable of speech, to give light to the eyes and to give hearing to the ears." Targum Pseudo-Jonathan: Genesis 2:7.

"Adam received his name from God; The Hebrew word Adam in Latin means 'land made flesh' because he grasped the four cardinal points of the earth in his fist, and out of them made Adam. He was made in the image of God. As it is written: 'With the palm of my hand I measured the heavens, and grasping all the mud of the earth within my fist, formed man from it.' It was appropriate for him to bear this name Adam from these cardinal points. For we find in the scriptures that four stars have been assigned, one to each of the cardinal points: first the star of the east called Anatole, second of the west called Dysis, third the star of the north, Artus, and fourth the southern star called Mesembrion. And from the names of the stars, four in number, if you take the initial letter from each of the (Greek) names of the stars: A from the star Anatole, D from star Dysis, A from star Artus, and M from star Mesembrion; then these letters form the name ADAM." De Montibus Sina et Sion in Patrologiae Cursus Completus Series Latina, Vol. 4 (1844) p. 911. The original Latin can be found here. A French translation can be found here.

Since Jewish scriptures never mention four stars (or quarters, or directions, or substances) that spell out the name Adam, the scriptures referred to in the above quote are not those of the Jews. That the Jewish scriptures never mention such is obvious, as in the Hebrew of the Jews the name Adam consists of only three letters. In fact, it is clear that the scriptures mentioned must have originated from a people who spoke some variety of Greek.

"Some assert that in Adam, the first man, these holy quartets of the Lord were formed because (Adam's) name among the Hebrews, Greeks, and Latins is written from four letters, and he, and all his descendants, consist of four elements, and by sinning, due to these four elements, he fell from the joys of paradise." Scriptores Hiberniae Minores, Pars 1 (1973) p.134, by Robert McNally. The original Latin can be found here.

Clearly, the Hebrew people mentioned in this passage are not Jews, as the Jews spell the name Adam with three letters. And, since the previous verses quote Saint Jerome, we can surmise that the Hebrew people known to Saint Jerome, that is, the Biblical Hebrews, are not the Jews.

From the Latin text Vita Adae et Evae (the Life of Adam and Eve) one has;

"It must also be known that God made and formed Adam in that place where Jesus was born, that is, in the city of Bethlehem, which is in the centre of the earth. There Adam was made from the four corners of the earth, when angels brought some of the dust of the earth from its parts, namely Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Uriel. This earth was white and pure like the sun and it was gathered together from the four rivers, which are the Geon, Phison, Tigris, and Euphrates. Man was made in the image of God, and he blew into his face the breath of life, which is the soul. For just as he was gathered from the four rivers, thus from the four winds he received his breath. When Adam was made, and there was no name assigned to him yet, the Lord said to the four angels to seek a name for him. Michael went out to the east and saw the eastern star, named Ancolim, and took its first letter from it. Gabriel went out to the south, and saw the southern star, named Disis, and took its first letter from it. Raphael went out to the north, and saw the northern star, named Arthos, and took its first letter from it. Uriel went out to the west, and saw the western star, named Mencembrion, and took its first letter from it. When the letters were brought together, the Lord said to Uriel: "read these letters." He read them and said, "Adam." The Lord said: "Thus shall his name be called." Here ends the (record of the) life of our protoplast, Adam, and his wife, Eve." A Synopsis Of The Books Of Adam And Eve (1999), p. 96e, by Gary Anderson & Michael Stone. This passage was translated from the Latin text found in Vitae Adae; Journal of Theological Studies 30 (1929), p. 121-49, by John Mozley.

L.S.A. Wells published an English translation of Vita Adae et Evae, in The apocrypha and pseudepigrapha of the old Testament in English, Vol 2 (1913) p 123-54, from the Latin text of Wilhelm Meyer (1887) whose sources did not include the above passage.

From the Latin texts collectively known as De plasmatione Adam, one has;

"In all three recensions (of these texts) Adam is said to have been created from a clod of earth (limus) made from four clods fetched by the four angels Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, and Raphael from the four corners of the earth (defined by the cardinal points). The clod is sprinkled with water from the four rivers of Paradise and formed into an image, which God insufflates and endows with a spirit from the four winds. Finally Adam is named after the initial letters of the names of the four stars, derived from the Greek words for the four cardinal points (anatole = east; dusis = west; arktos = north; mesembria = south). Adam is thus represented as a microcosm of the universe, spanning its four earthly and celestial directions." De plasmatione Adam, by Charles D. Wright, found in The Embroidered Bible (2017) p. 987.

"And a river went out from the place of desire to water Paradise, which from thence is divided into four tributaries that are now called: "the first Phison, the one that encompasses all the land [of Hevilath]," the second "Geon, that is, the one that encompasses all the land of Ethiopia," "the third Tigris, which passes by Assyria, the fourth one is Euphrates". And from the abyss and from the four winds and from the four angels of heaven, Satanahel was created first, afterwards Adam and Eve. How was the name Adam disposed? (By) four stars. And where are the stars? In the four corners of heaven. How are they named? Artus, Duxie, Anatholi, Misimbria." De plasmatione Adam, by Charles D. Wright, found in The Embroidered Bible (2017) p. 991.

"Then he sent the angel Gabriel to the earth to fetch clay for him from the earth. But the earth said 'I fly to God from thee, if thou darest take it!' and he returned and took none from it. God sent then Michael, and the earth said the same words to him as to Gabriel, and he took no clay from it. Then he sent the angel of death,... who took black, red, and white earth; for this reason the sons of Adam are of different colours. The first man was called Adam for he was taken from the surface (adim) of the earth. Some have a different opinion.... When God had kneaded together the dust, he left it for forty years, till it had become tenacious (sticky) clay; then he left it another forty years, till it got foetid (stinking) and altered.... Then he gave to the clay the form of man, but left it without a soul; it made a jingling noise, like an earthenware vessel, so it remained a hundred and twenty,... years. The angels passed by this body, and were afraid of it, more particularly Iblis (the devil).... Iblis entered by its (Adam's) mouth, and came out by its back, and God said to him 'Do not go through what I have created.'... When God breathed into Adam,... he sneezed, and God said to him 'Pronounce the words, Praise be to God, and thy Lord will be merciful with thee, O Adam.'" el-Masudi's historical encyclopaedia, entitled "Meadows of gold and mines of gems" (1841) p. 47, by al-Masudi, translated by Aloys Sprenger.

"Allah sent forth his first heavenly angel to fetch soil of five colors; red, yellow, blue, white, and black. But the five types of soil refused the request, saying, 'We are used to receiving all sorts of dirty things, such as feces, urine, and spittle. Being as dirty as we are, how can we have an audience with Allah! Please go back.' The heavenly messenger returned, and thereupon God sent the second heavenly angel to fetch the five colors of soil and instructed him before leaving, "Be sure to bring back the five. I am going to fashion a man out of these." Upon being told about Allah’s specific intentions, the five kinds of earth were even more reluctant. So, God sent his third heavenly messenger to fetch the five kinds of earth. His name was Abraham.... Abraham tolerated no argument. Instead, he seized the five colors of earth and said, 'Let us go!' Allah was very pleased to see Abraham return with the soil of five colors. He added some water to the soil, and from these elements he fashioned a man, lying down. God called him "Adan," and he improved on him every day." Mythology And Folklore Of The Hui; A Muslim Chinese People (1994) p. 79, by Shujiang Li & Karl W. Luckert.

"Then Adam was created. A name was then assigned to him, formed from the four stars, which were named, respectively, Anatole, the eastern star, Dusis, the western, Archon, the northern star, and Missimbria, the southern. These are the names of the four sods out of which Adam was created: Malon, Arton, Biblon, and Agore. From Malon his head was formed, from Arton, his chest, from Biblon, his belly, and from Agore, his feet." Irish Biblical Apocrypha; Selected Texts In Translation (1989) p. 2, by Maire Herbert & Martin McNamara.

"God, who is the fabricator of man, produced his form, his condition, and his whole essence, in the image and similitude of the world, nature pointing out the way. For he composed the body of man, as well as of the world, from the mixture of the four elements, viz. of fire, water, air, and earth, in order that the conjunction of all these, when they were mingled in due proportion, might adorn an animal in the form of a divine imitation (i.e., in the image of God)." Thema Mundi or the Birth of the World by Julius Firmicus Maternus, in Ocellus Lucanus. On the nature of the universe, etc, (1831) p. 49, translated by Thomas Taylor.

"Every man,... in the structure of his body is allied to all the world, for he is compounded of the same things, earth, water, air, and fire, each of the elements having contributed the share that falls to each, to complete a material absolutely sufficient in itself for the Creator to take in order to fashion this visible image." Philo, Vol. 1, On the Creation, §51, p. 115, by F.H. Colson & G.H. Whitaker.

"I (Philo) have substance, for I have borrowed what is completely sufficient to make me what I am from each of the elements out of which this world was framed, earth, water, air and fire." Philo, Vol. 7, Decalogue, §8, p. 21, by F.H. Colson.

"So, then, the first man among us is named Thouth, and among them Adam, a name from the language of the angels. And not only that, but with respect to the body the name they refer to him by is symbolic, composed of four elements from the whole sphere. For the letter A of his name signifies the east (ἀνατολή; anatole), and air; the letter D of his name signifies the west (δύσις; dusis), and the earth, which sinks down because of its weight;... and the letter M of his name signifies the south (μεσημβρία; mesembria), and the ripening fire in the midst of these bodies, the fire belonging to the middle, fourth planetary zone." The text has a lacuna where the explanation of the second A would be, but it must surely have been connected with water and the north (ἄρκτος; arktos), since the letters are linked more directly with the compass points (anatole = east; dusis = west; arktos = north; mesembria = south). Zosimos of Panopolis: On the Letter Omega. (1978) p. 29, translation by Howard Jackson.

"Why did the scriptures call the animal composed of body and soul, man? In the Hebrew dialect (of Greek) the word that signifies man, denotes fire, and God foresaw that from one man the ends of the world (implying the entire world) would be filled with human bodies, so he called this animal, that is man, fire, for one flame can kindle a multitude of flames, whereas, each of the other elements remains as it is. If you have a certain amount of the earth, the amount remains the same. If you have a certain amount of water, the amount remains the same. It does not develop. If you fill a bottle with air, you can't fill a further bottle with it. But fire does not remain as it is, the more material it acquires, the greater it becomes. Likewise, if many candles are lit from one candle, the fire will not be exhausted. Thus the name Adam was rightly given to man as prophesying that the four zones (which make up the world) were about to be filled (with human bodies) from him, for consider that the letters of his name represent these four zones: A anatole (the east), D dysin (the west), A arktos (the north), and M mesembria (the south)." Michaelis Glycae Annales (1836) p.142, translated from Greek into Latin by J. Leunclavius. The original Greek and a Latin translation can be found here.

We are told that in Hebrew the word man denotes fire. However, in the Hebrew of the Jews it has no such meaning. Thus the Hebrew mentioned is not the Hebrew of the Jews. In fact, the Hebrew mentioned here is called a dialect (Ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ) which can only mean that it is a dialect of the Greek language. Hebrew is also called a (Greek) dialect in Acts 21:40.

Acts 21:40; ἐπιτρέψαντος δὲ αὐτοῦ ὁ Παῦλος ἑστὼς ἐπὶ τῶν ἀναβαθμῶν κατέσειε τῇ χειρὶ τῷ λαῷ· πολλῆς δὲ σιγῆς γενομένης προσεφώνησε τῇ Ἑβραΐδι διαλέκτῳ λέγων· Greek Orthodox New Testament.

It is also of interest that the 10th-century Greek encyclopedia, Σοῦδα, twice refers to the Phoenician language as a dialect (of Greek).

ΣΑΓΧΩΝIΆΘΩΝ, Τύριος, φιλόσοφος, ὃς γέγονε κατά τὰ Τρωϊκά. Περὶ τῆς Ἑρμοῦ φυσιολογίας, ἥτις μετεφράσθη· Πάτρια Τυρίων, τῇ Φοινίκων διαλέκτῳ· Αἰγυπτιακὴς Θεολογίας· καì ἄλλα τινά.

Σαγχωνιάθης ἀϊδώνιος σοφὸς τοῖς χρόνοις κατὰ Σεμίραμιν· ἔγραψε τῇ Φοινίκων διαλέκτῳ φυσιολογίαν καὶ ἄλλα τινα.

From Suidae Lexicon: Graece et Latine by Suidas (1705) Vol. 2, p.3241, by Ludolphus Kusterus.

"Then God said to Jibra'il, "Go on to earth and get a handful of soil." When Jibra'il descended and tried to pick up some earth, the earth cursed and refused to be taken, Jibra'il returned empty-handed, and God said to Mika'il, "You go." When the latter reached the earth the same refusal met him. Then Israfil took his turn, but the earth likewise refused. Then the fourth angel, Idjara'il, immediately went down and forthwith grabbed the earth. One of his fingers was on the west, another on the east, a third one on the south, and a fourth one on the earth. And he scooped a handful. Then God said to Jibra'il, "Make it into a man." When it had assumed the form of a man, Jibra'il said, "My Lord, the man is here but it cannot speak, and his joints are not connected." Then God said, "Get a ganta of rice and grind it into powder and apply it to him." Then the joints were connected and the man became whole, but he still could not speak. Then God commanded Nur Muhammad "Go inside Adam" (for that was the name of the man). But Nur Muhammad said, "I refuse. You created Adam from the four elements (fire, water, wind, and earth), whereas I came from Your light." Then God said to Nur Muhammad, "Be willing, for you and I are one, and you can meet me five times a day during prayer." So Nur Muhammad went inside Adam through his forehead and Adam became a living man." Philippine folk literature: the myths (2001) p.97, by Damiana Eugenio.

"At this time the Lord came down to the Holy Land (al-Kuds), and commanded Gabriel to bring earth from the four corners of the world, earth, air, fire, and water. He created and put in it the spirit of his own power, and called it Adam. Then he commanded Gabriel to escort Adam into Paradise, and to tell him that he could eat from all the trees but not of wheat. Here Adam remained for a hundred years. Thereupon, Melek Ta'us (Azazil) asked God how Adam could multiply and have descendants if he were forbidden to eat of the grain. God answered, "I have put the whole matter into thy hands." Thereupon Melek Ta'us visited Adam and said "Have you eaten of the grain?" He answered, "No, God forbade me." Melek Ta'us replied and said, "Eat of the grain and all shall go better with thee." Then Adam ate of the grain and immediately his belly was inflated. But Melek Ta'us drove him out of the garden, and leaving him, ascended into heaven. Now Adam was troubled because his belly was inflated, for he had no outlet. God therefore sent a bird to him which pecked at his anus and made an outlet, and Adam was relieved." Devil Worship & The Sacred Books and Traditions of the Yezidiz (1919) p.38, by Joseph Isya.

"God said, “Come ye, let us make man in our image, and according to our likeness.” And when the angels heard this utterance, they fell into a state of fear and trembling, and they said to one another, “A mighty miracle will be made manifest to us this day, the likeness of God, our maker.” And they saw the right hand of God opened out flat, and stretched out over the whole world; and all creatures were collected in the palm of His right hand. And they saw that He took from the whole mass of the earth one grain of dust, and from the whole nature of water one drop of water, and from all the air which is above one puff of wind, and from the whole nature of fire a little of its heat and warmth. And the angels saw that when these four feeble (or inert) materials were placed in the palm of His right hand, that is to say, cold (air), and heat (fire), and dryness (earth), and moisture (water), God formed Adam." The Book of the Cave of Treasures (1927) p. 51, translated by Ernest Alfred Wallis Budge.

"After this, Borr's sons took Ymer's body and set it in the midst of the gulf Ginnungagap. Of his flesh they formed the earth, of his blood seas and waters, of his bones mountains, of his teeth rocks and stones, of his hair all manner of plants. They made the heavens out of his skull, and set four dwarfs, whose names were Austri (East), Vestri (West), Norðri (North), and Suðri (South), at the four corners, to support it. They took also fires from Muspelheim and fixed them in heaven, above and below, to light up the heaven and the earth." A manual of Scandinavian mythology (1839) p. 6, by Grenville Pigott.

The following is a curious variation of the Adam and Eve story.

Iblis was the right hand of Allah and in great favor with the Almighty. One morning when the messengers and angels were gathered with Allah, Allah said to Iblis: "Go to the Earth and report to me what you see there." When Iblis returned he said to Allah: "I have seen the earth, it is beautiful; I found mountains, sea, trees and running water." Allah replied "I give all that to you. From now on, next to me, you will be ruler on Earth." Iblis believed that he had now become independent and from that day he no longer paid tribute to Allah. When Allah perceived this, he sent Jabarail to ask Iblis why he no longer visited Heaven. Iblis replied: "Allah is ruler in Heaven and I am ruler on Earth; everyone has their own work environment." Allah, who had known neither disobedience nor ingratitude until now was saddened by Iblis as the first inhabitant of Earth. He took the Earth away from Iblis and made an earthen man to replace him. Allah created the man in his own image and called him Adam. Allah placed Adam in a beautiful garden under the shade of a tree and purposed to come and see him now and then. Some time later Allah remembered his creature. He went to Earth and saw the man still sitting under the tree. Allah understood that Adam, being alone, was bored, and saw that one person was not enough for the Earth. He then created a woman, whom he instructed to populate the Earth through multiplication. To this woman he gave the name of Eve, or Mother, and brought her to Adam. In the meantime, Iblis had learned that the Earth had been ceded to mortal beings and, despite Allah's prohibition against coming to the Earth again, decided to visit these Earth dwellers and kill them. Having descended to the earth, he found Adam sleeping under the same tree under which Allah had placed him. Iblis forgot his purpose to kill Adam and let him sleep peacefully. Now he also saw Eve, who was more lively than Adam, picking flowers and chasing butterflies. Iblis was charmed by the loveliness of Eve. He called a large snake, put a golden apple in its mouth, climbed onto its back and thus introduced himself to Eve. "You are a beautiful mortal," he said to Eve, "but still too naive to survive as an Earth dweller. Come with me and I will educate you and teach you to multiply." Eve, who was bored to death by the ever-sleeping Adam, and remembering that Allah had commanded her to multiply, was soon persuaded to go with Iblis. With childish joy she accepted the golden apple offered to her and mounted the serpent behind Iblis. The serpent led them to one of the stars. Eve remained there with Iblis for a long time, tasting the pleasure she had not yet known. However, she gradually began to feel uneasy because of the situation she was in, because she was about to become a mother. Iblis became less and less concerned with her, resulting in her remorse for having left good Adam and on a certain day when Iblis was absent she returned to Earth. She found Adam still sitting under the tree. She settled there and gave birth to a son, whom she named Cain. Eve now taught Adam multiplication and gave birth to another son, whom she named Abel. Henceforth, Eve declined Iblis's proposals to visit the stars. Iblis became very angry at these refusals and persuaded his son Cain to kill Abel, the son of Adam. When the spirit of Abel presented himself to Allah and declared that he had been killed by Cain, Allah became deeply angry. He descended to Earth, investigated what had happened and drove Adam, Eve and Cain out of the beautiful garden and condemned them to work for their living from then on. Adam, who was conscious of no guilt, felt a grudge against Iblis ever since he understood that Cain was not his son. He complained to Allah and told the Almighty that Iblis was to blame for what had happened. Eve, questioned, confessed to being seduced by Iblis. Allah summoned Iblis and commanded him to pray to Adam for forgiveness, but Iblis refused to worship Adam, saying that he was made of fire and Adam was made of earth, and was superior to Adam, whereupon Allah said to Iblis: "From this moment on you will be turned into a dog; you shall feed on the excrement of man; You will walk behind man, follow him and obey him." When the Almighty had pronounced this curse, Iblis turned into a black dog.

The Jews have heard this story (presumably from the Arabs).

"Sammael (Iblis) riding on the serpent came to Eve, and she conceived Cain; afterwards Adam came to her, and she conceived Abel." Pirkei De Rabbi Eliezer (1916) §21, p. 150, by Gerald Friedlander.

"And Adam knew Eve his wife, who was pregnant by the angel Sammael, and she conceived and bare Cain; and he was like the heavenly beings, and not like the earthly beings, and she said, I have acquired a man, the angel of the Lord." The Palestinian Targum, Genesis 4:1.

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